Wildlife Refuges

refuges in North America has been included to give an overall picture of present conditions. The greatly enlarged scope of the work has required the omission of many interesting phases of this fascinating conservation story. However, within space limitations, the details that make the refuge story such a gripping drama for those who have been privileged to have a part in it have been retained. My thanks are due to those in the Service who reviewed the manuscript, notably W. L. McAtee, H. P. Sheldon, J. Clark Salyer 11, Dr. Clarence Cottam and Frank Earnshaw, each of whom offered valuable suggestions and criticisms. Dr. H. L. Shantz has reviewed the part covering the refuges administered by the Forest Service, and V. H. Cahalane and C. C. Presnall have performed the same service for the section dealing with national parks. The governments of Canada and Mexico, the state conservation departments, and the private organizations that maintain refuges have been most generous in furnishing information on which various chapters are based. The information on the national refuges is naturally from the files of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service or from published material based on them. The story has, however, been written against a background of personal observation, in the course of which every major national refuge, except one, has been visited at least once. It has also been my good fortune to vii ... v111 INTRODUCTION see most of those in Alaska, most of our national parks and some of both the Canadian and the Mexican parks. Many state and private refuges haye also been visited, although in these cases the number seen has been only a small part of the total. CONTENTS INTRODUCTIO . N . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER I . HISTORY OF THE REFUGEM OVEMENT . . . . . . I1 . PURPOSEVS. A LUE A S N D LIMITATION O S F REFUGES . . . 111 . TYPE O S F REFUGES . . . . . . . . . . . IV . MANAGEMEN OF T KEFUGES . . . . . . . . . V . ALASKAGS REATB IRDC ITIES . . . . . . . . . V1 . SPECIALR EFUGES . . . . . . . . . . . . V11 . THE F UR-SEAILS LANDS . . . . . . . . . . V111 . BIG-GAMER EFUGES . . . . . . . . . . . IX . GENERAML ILDLIFER EF JG . ES . . . . . . . . X . MYSTERIOIO K EFENOKEE . . . . . . . . . XI . PATUXENWT ILDLIFER ESEARCKHE FUGE . . . . . XI1 . I G R A T O R Y W ATERFOWRLE I U F . S . . . . . . XI11 . REFUGE O S N LANDUS SEDI RIMARII. Y FO R OTHERP I RPOSES XIV ...