“Answer the king here, but speak plainly and directly and shrink not, man! Is not that which pleases the king a law? CROMWELL TO BISHOP STEPHEN GARDINER, 15391 Throughout the early months of 1539, Cromwell marshalled the defences of the realm in fearful expectation that French and Spanish troops could land on the shores of England at any time. The signing of the Treaty of Toledo by Charles V and Francis I on 12 January was another straw in the wind of impending war. Under its terms, both rulers ...agreed they would not conclude any alliance or diplomatic pact with Henry without first obtaining the other’s full agreement. In addition, Pope Paul III also made the conservative Scottish abbot David Beaton2 a cardinal and commissioned him to inveigle James V of Scotland into attacking England from the north. In London, all this European hurly-burly raised the spectre of a simultaneous three-pronged invasion of the realm and appeared to place it in the unenviable position of being ‘but a morsel amongst choppers’, as a gloomy Wriothesley graphically wrote.MoreLessRead More Read Less
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