The Place of Magic in the Intellectual History of Europe

cult virtue extended to things without physical realityt to words, to numbers, to written characters and formulae. It is applied to certain actions and ways of doing thingst to " ligatures and suspensions," for instance. Then there was the belief that wonders may be wrought by the aid of demons, and that incantations, suffumigations, and the like are of great value in invoking spirits. Finally, there was a vague general notion that not only are the ethereal and elementary worlds joined by occult sympathy, but that all parts of the universe are somehow mystically connected, and that perhaps a single magic key may be discovered by which we may become masters of the entire universe. How shall we classify these beliefs ? What shall we call them? What is their meaning, what their origin and cause? As for classification, it is easy to suggest names .which partially apply to some of these notions, or adequately characterize them individually. The art of signatures, oneiromancy, augury, divination, astrology, alchemy, the Cabala, sorcery, and necromancy are some designations which at once come to mind. But no one of them is at all adequate as a class name for all these beliefs and the practices which they involve, taken together. Are not these notions, nevertheless, closely allied; is there not an intimate relation between them all ? And is not " magic " a term which will include them all and denote the general subject, the philosophy and the art, of which they all are branc...