The Conclave: a Sometimes Secret And Occasionally Bloody History of Papal Elections
“For a group that was to play such an important part in papal affairs, remarkably little is known about the origins of the title – or even what it means, though it is commonly thought to derive from cardo, meaning a hinge or pivot. By the end of the seventh century the term was applied to what we would now call the parish priests of the major Roman churches, other than the four great basilicas. They were cardinal priests. But from the reign of Pope Stephen III (IV), bishops from the seven dioces...es around Rome, who frequently presided at liturgical functions in the basilicas and acted as advisers to the pope, were also given the title. The deacons who looked after the welfare of Christians in the regions of Rome and those who attended papal liturgies in the Lateran were also among the popes’ advisers, but they do not seem to have been given the title of cardi- nal until sometime in the eleventh century. By the middle of the eleventh century there were, therefore, three ranks of cardinals: bishops, priests, and deacons.The decree of 1059 had restricted voting rights to the cardinal bishops, but in the Rome ruled by the antipope Clement III the cardinal priests had become increasingly significant when the cardinal bishops supported his various rivals.MoreLess
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