Knowing And Being

eal for man are to be sought for in the two first-mentioned sciences. The problem of Ethics is not merely to generalise the modes of human conduct, as in actual experience ; it is not simply to afford certain kinds of prudential injunctions as to action in given circumstances. The science of Ethics seeks to find the ground of moral obligation?the rationale of the " ought"? to exhibit the moral ideal or ideals of life, as grounded on a view of the whole nature of man. A psychology which reduces man to a mere bodily organism, or to a series of reflex states called sensations, resulting from stimuli on thisorganism, may give rise to an ethics of prudence ?of caution and care for the pleasure and continuance of life ; it cannot ground moral obligation in any real sense of the term, and it fails as completely in exhibiting any true moral ideal. It is a worthy task, therefore, to seek in the psychology of man a ground, if that can be found, of moral obligation and moral law?facts compatible with those conceptions, and fitted to yield them a basis in reality. But not less important than the bearing of Psychology, or an analysis of knowledge on Ethics, is its relation to the great ontological question of the being and nature of God. This question must be approached through an analysis of knowledge, and can only be determined through this analysis. Facts, data, scientific generalisations and results, are no doubt in the first place essential to the determination ; but i...